![]() ![]() For these patients, the obstruction must be immediately relieved to avoid renal damage neither options are definitive, however can temporarily relieve the obstruction prior to definitive management. Patients with any evidence of obstructive nephropathy or significant infection may warrant stent insertion or a nephrostomy. Uncontrollable pain from simple analgesics.However, criteria that often warrant the need for hospital admission include: The majority of renal stones can be treated in the outpatient setting. Renal calculus series#*Intravenous Urograms involve taking a series of abdominal radiographs following injection of contrast, to demonstrate any filling defect however these are rarely used due high radiation exposure and superiority of CT imaging Its benefits are in no radiation risk, however are often operator dependent. Ultrasound scans of the renal tract can often be used concurrently in cases of known stone disease, to assess for any hydronephrosis (they can also often detect renal stones, however not ureteric stones). ![]() Plain film abdominal radiographs* (AXR) are still used in some centres for initial assessment of stone disease, however AXRs have the disadvantage that not all stones are radio-opaque so limits their use, alongside their associated high radiation exposure. 3) as an imaging modality is the high sensitivity and specificity in identifying stone disease, as well as concurrent assessment of any alternative pathology. The gold standard for diagnosis of renal stones is a non-contrast CT scan of the renal tract (KUB). Urate and calcium levels can also aid in the assessment of stone analysis if the patient notices they have passed the stone during micturition, retrieval of the stone and sending for analysis can also be of use. Routine bloods should be performed, include FBC & CRP (for evidence of infection) and U&Es (to assess renal function). A urine dip can show microscopic haematuria, as well as evidence of infection (always ensure to send a urine culture as well in such cases). ![]()
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